Knowledge

81.Seam: In carpet installation, the line formed by joining the edge of two pieces of carpet by various techniques – tape, hand sewing, etc.

82.Secondary backing: The fabric attached to the primary backing of a tufted carpet, usually with a latex adhesive

83.Shading (or pile reversal or watermarking): An apparent colour difference between areas of the same carpet resulting from a random difference in pile lay direction. It arises from differences between the cut end lustre and side lustre of fibres

84.Shag: A carpet texture characterised by very long pile tufts laid over in random directions so that the sides of the yarn form the traffic surface

85.Shearing: See Cropping

86.Shot: A weaving term for fill yarn, the yarn inserted at right angles to the warp across the fabric width. In woven carpet it is the number of picks of fill yarn per row of pile tufts

87.Soil resist treatment: Application of a fluorochemical finish that gives low surface energy properties to carpet pile fibres. This inhibits wetting by oil and water based materials, and inhibits the attachment of soil

88.Sprouting: Emergence of long pile tufts above the normal pile surface. They can be removed by cutting with scissors before or after installation

89.Stain-resist treatment: Chemical treatment to minimise stains from food and drink colours.

90.Static shock: Discharge of electric charge from a carpet to a person to ground (eg a doorknob). Shoe friction against the pile fibres causes the static charge to accumulate and various finishes can be applied to dissipate this charge before it builds to the human sensitivity threshold

91.Stitch length: Total length of yarn from which a tuft is made. It equals twice the pile height plus the associated backstitch behind the primary backing

92.Stitches: Stitches per inch – the number of yarn tufts per running inch of a single tuft row in a tufted carpet

93.Stock dyeing: Loose staple fibres are dyed in a vat, before being blended, carded and spun into yarn

94.Streak: Any lengthwise narrow visible defect in a carpet. It may arise from soiling,  a colour difference (dye shade) or texture difference (yarn twist or bulk)

95.Stripe: A more continuous form of streak

96.Stuffer: A backing yarn in woven carpet. Stuffers are normally warp yarns that increase weight, strength, handle, stiffness and stability

97.Texture: Visual and tactile surface characteristics of a carpet pile, including high-low and cut-loop patterning, yarn twist, pile orientation

98.Tip definition: Visible individual cut ends in a carpet surface

99.Tip shearing: Shearing off tufted high loops in the finishing process to create a cut/uncut texture

100.Total weight: The weight per square metre of the total carpet pile, primary and secondary backings and coatings

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